Papayotin

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Papayotin, also known as papain, is a proteolytic enzyme and a hydroxyl proteolytic enzyme. Derived from the late ripe fruit of papaya (Carica papaya L ). Papain is a low-specificity proteolytic enzyme contained in papaya (Carieapapaya), which widely exists in the roots, stems, leaves and fruits of papaya, and is most abundant in immature milk. The active center of papain contains cysteine, which belongs to sulfhydryl protease. Papain has a wide range of uses in medicine, food, beverage, chemical reagents, feed, textile cosmetics, etc., and has broad development prospects.

The papain for industrial use in the world refers to the pure product, which is a multi-enzyme system with complex components, and most of the protein electrophoresis bands are more than 5; it contains papain, chymopapain A and B (Chymopapain A and B), Papaya peptidase A (Papaya peptidaseA). It not only has a strong proteolysis catalytic activity but also has curdling and bacteriolytic activity.  It mainly catalyzes protein hydrolysis and can also decompose small peptides. It has many cutting and decomposing points, and roughly preferentially decomposes arginase and the peptide bond of phenylalanine. At present, it is more widely used for its proteolytic activity and milk curdling effect. The optimum pH is 610-810, and the optimum temperature is about 70°C. Cysteinase, sulfide, sulfite, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid can increase its efficacy, and people often use these substances to promote its action. Surface active substances (such as detergents, washing powder), oxidants (such as hydrogen peroxide), organic solvents (such as petroleum ether, alcohol), heavy metal salts, strong acids, strong alkalis and even ascorbic acid, and various microbial contaminations can inactivate it , contact should be avoided as much as possible.

1.1Chemical properties

Its appearance is white to light yellow powder, slightly hygroscopic; papain is soluble in water and glycerin, and the aqueous solution is colorless or light yellow, sometimes milky white; almost insoluble in organic solvents such as ethanol, chloroform and ether. Papain is a thiol-containing (-SH) endopeptidase, has protease and esterase activity, has a wide range of specificity, and has strong hydrolysis ability for animal and plant proteins, polypeptides, esters, amides, etc. But it can hardly decompose peptone.

The most suitable pH value of papain is 6-7 (generally 3-9.5 is all acceptable), and it also works when it is neutral or slightly acidic, and its isoelectric point (pI) is 8.75; the most suitable temperature of papain is 55-65°C ( Generally, 10-85°C is acceptable), has strong heat resistance, and will not be completely inactivated at 90°C; it is inhibited by oxidants and activated by reducing substances.

1.2  Composition

Papaya immature fruit contains Papayotin, papain A (Chymopapain A), papain B (Chymopapain B), papain B (PapayaPeptidase B), and other proteolytic enzymes. It is known that the primary structures of the four cysteine proteases have a high degree of homology. Among them, papain is a sulfhydryl protease, which can hydrolyze the carboxyl terminals of arginine and lysine in proteins and polypeptides and can preferentially hydrolyze those peptides with two carboxyl groups or aromatic L-amino acids at the N-terminal of the peptide bond key.

At least three amino acid residues exist in the active center of the enzyme, they are Cys25, His159, and Asp158 respectively. When Cys25 is oxidized by an oxidant or combined with a metal ion, the activity of the enzyme is inhibited, and the reducing agent cysteine (or Sulfite) or EDTA can restore the activity of the enzyme [1]. The other six cysteine residues formed three pairs of disulfide bonds, and none of them were in the active site. Pure papain products may contain: (1) papain, molecular weight 21,000, accounting for about 10% of soluble protein; (2) chymopapain, molecular weight 26,000, accounting for about 45% of soluble protein; (3) lysozyme, molecular weight 25000, accounting for about 20% of soluble protein; and different enzymes such as cellulase.

Papaya enzyme is a whitening and spot-removing biological product extracted from papaya fruit, which contains a variety of biological enzymes. Its main functions are skin rejuvenation, whitening and spot-removing. Its biological mechanism:

First, papain acts on the aging stratum corneum of human skin to promote its decomposition, degeneration, and removal, so as to achieve the effect of skin rejuvenation and the effect of promoting cell growth, and the hydrolyzate of papain forms a film of amino acid derivatives on the surface of the skin to keep the skin healthy. Moisturize and smooth;

Second, papain is easy to forms a complex with copper ions in the melanin that forms spots, reducing the formation of melanin and removing melanin from spots, and the titanium substance hydrolyzed by papain can directly inhibit the tyrosine activity that forms melanin, Eliminate free radicals, so as to achieve the effect of whitening and spot removal.

In conclusion, papain removes the stratum corneum of aging skin and quickly reacts with copper ions in spots, inhibits the activity of tyrosine that forms melanin and removes oxidative free radicals, so as to achieve the effect of skin rejuvenation, whitening, and spot removal.

Papain is mainly used for cold resistance of beer (hydrolysis of protein in beer to avoid turbidity caused by cold storage), meat softening (hydrolysis of muscle protein and collagen to soften meat), preparation of cereal precooking, production of hydrolyzed protein and meat flavor. It is widely used in beer cold resistance and meat softening than other proteases.

Application in the pharmaceutical industry: drugs containing papain can fight cancer, tumors, lymphatic leukemia, proteobacteria and parasites, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, etc., and can reduce inflammation, promote choleretic, relieve pain, and help digestion.

Food industry application: enzymatic reaction can be used to hydrolyze the protein of food macromolecules into small molecular peptides or amino acids. Used for hydrolyzing animal and vegetable protein, making tender meat powder, hydrolyzing sheep placenta, hydrolyzing soybean, biscuit loosening agent, noodle stabilizer, beer beverage clarifying agent, advanced oral liquid, health. Effective conversion of protein utilization, greatly improving the nutritional value of food and reducing costs. It is beneficial to the digestion and absorption of the human body.

Industrial application of beauty cosmetics: adding papain to cosmetics containing protein and oil has unique effects of whitening and rejuvenating skin, beautifying skin and health care, removing freckles and dirt, promoting blood circulation, improving skin, etc., and improving product quality. It can be made into slimming tea, beauty, and skin care products, etc.

Daily chemical industry application: used in soap, soap, detergent, washing powder, hand sanitizer, etc., with strong detergency, sterilization, and disinfection, safe and secure.

Feed industry application: used as feed additives, developing protein sources, facilitating absorption, improving feed utilization, saving costs, helping livestock digestion, and accelerating growth. For example, it can be added to the feed of pigs, cattle, sheep, chickens, ducks, geese, fish, shrimp, etc. It can also be used as an additive for advanced compound fertilizers for vegetables and fruits.

Application in the leather industry: Use papain to make depilatory agent, tan leather, with fine pores and bright skin texture.

Textile industry application: It can be used for processing wool, silkworm chrysalis degumming, and silk refining, and can achieve soft, comfortable, anti-shrinkage, tensile strength, and other effects.

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